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She attended noted women's college Radcliffe University and then Johns Hopkins University. Expatriates are those who live outside of their native countries, and during the 1920s many flocked to Paris, France.īorn in 1874, in Oakland, California, Stein was the youngest child of a wealthy Jewish family. Unconventional and highly intellectual, Gertrude Stein was a Roaring Twenties figure known both for her experimental literary works and as a hostess and mentor to U.S. He is in love with Lady Brett Ashley, a young English woman who, after losing her fiancé in the war, married another Gertrude Stein: An Expatriate and Modernist
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The novel is narrated by Jake Barnes, whose injury in the war resulted in impotence (the inability to function sexually). All of them are now living a morally bankrupt existence of joyless drinking, dancing, and shifting sexual liaisons. Several of the novel's characters are, like Hemingway, disillusioned veterans of the fighting who sustained physical or emotional damage (or both). It opens with a quote from Gertrude Stein: "You are all a lost generation." Although Hemingway later said that he had not intended to define anyone, both the quote and the novel were interpreted as expressing the plight of those who had come of age just before, during, or after World War I. The Sun Also Rises was published in May 1926, after Hemingway had returned to the United States. The second book features one of Hemingway's best known characters, Nick Adams. Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published in 1923, followed by a collection of short stories titled In Our Time (1925). writers who were living there, including poet Ezra Pound (1885–1972) and novelists Gertrude Stein (1872–1946) and F. With his new wife, Hadley Richardson, he moved to Paris and soon became part of a group of U.S. He lived for almost a year with his parents in Oak Park, writing and speaking in public about his war experiences.įinally Hemingway was hired as a foreign correspondent by the Toronto Star newspaper. Hemingway subsequently enlisted in the Italian army and spent some more time fighting before returning to the United States. After being wounded in the knee, he managed to carry another man to safety later, doctors removed two hundred pieces of shrapnel (jagged pieces of metal from an exploded bomb) from his legs and body. In that role he experienced the devastation and brutality of war first-hand. Unable to stay away from the war, Hemingway enlisted in the medical service of the Red Cross and was sent to Italy to serve as an ambulance driver. There Hemingway began to develop the clipped, concise writing style that would characterize his later work. Instead of attending college, as his parents wished, he got a job as a reporter for the Kansas City Star newspaper. After graduation, he tried to volunteer for military service in World War I, but was rejected due to poor vision. In high school, he wrote articles for his school newspaper and also took part in athletics. Each year the family vacationed on a lake in northern Michigan, which would provide a wealth of material for Hemingway's fiction. It is awfully easy to be hard-boiled about everything in the daytime, but at night it is another thing."īorn in Oak Park, Illinois, Hemingway was influenced by both his physician father, who introduced him to the joys of the outdoors, and his music-loving, rather domineering mother. "I thought of her walking up the street and stepping into the car, as I had last seen her, and of course in a little while I felt like hell again. His work is characterized by a spare, succinct writing style with a distinctively modern feel that, especially in the 1920s, presented a strong contrast to the ornate prose of the nineteenth century. As a young man who had participated and been wounded in World War I (1914–1918 the United States entered the conflict in 1917), Hemingway both embodied and voiced the viewpoint of the disillusioned postwar generation. expatriates (people who live outside of their home countries) who lived in Paris during the Roaring Twenties. One of the most influential authors of the twentieth century, Hemingway was a leading figure among the famous U.S.